Regarding The Nafl (An additional gift from the spoils of war that is given to particular fighters)
باب مَا جَاءَ فِي النَّفَلِ
Jami` at-Tirmidhi, Book of Military Expeditions(view book)
Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1561
Narrated 'Ubadah bin As-Samit:
"The Prophet ﷺ used to confer a fourth of spoils of war in the early part of the expedition, and a third during the return."
There are narrations on this topic from Ibn 'Abbas, Habib bin Maslamh, Ma'n bin Yazid, Ibn 'Umar, and Salamah bin Al-Akwa'. This Hadith of 'Ubadah is a Hasan Hadith. This Hadith has also been reported from Abu Salam from a man among the Companions of the Prophet ﷺ.
Another chain from Ibn 'Abbas that the Prophet ﷺ took his sword Dhul-Fiqar on the Day of Badr, and it is the one that he saw in the dream on the Day of Uhud.
This Hadith is Hasan Gharib. We only know it from this route through the report of Ibn Abi Az-Zinad.
The people of knowledge differ over giving the Nafl from the Khumus. Malik bin Anas said:
"It has not reached me that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ gave the Nafl during every expedition, but it has been conveyed to me that he gave the Nafl in some of them. That is according to the discretion of the Imam during the beginning of the division of the spoils or the end of it."
Ibn Mansur said: "I said to Ahmad: 'The Prophet ﷺ gave the Nafl when he divided the fourth, after the Khumus, and when he was returning (he gave) the third from the Khumus.' So he said: 'The Khumus is taken, and then the Nafl is given from what remains, nothing beyond this.''"
[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is (understood) as Ibn Musayyab said: "The Nafl is from te Khumus." Ishaq said as he said.
حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ، حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ مُوسَى، عَنْ مَكْحُولٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سَلاَّمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي أُمَامَةَ، عَنْ عُبَادَةَ بْنِ الصَّامِتِ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَانَ يُنَفِّلُ فِي الْبَدْأَةِ الرُّبُعَ وَفِي الْقُفُولِ الثُّلُثَ . وَفِي الْبَابِ عَنْ سَعْدٍ وَابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَحَبِيبِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ وَمَعْنِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ وَابْنِ عُمَرَ وَسَلَمَةَ بْنِ الأَكْوَعِ . وَحَدِيثُ عُبَادَةَ حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ . وَقَدْ رُوِيَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ عَنْ أَبِي سَلاَّمٍ عَنْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ.
حَدَّثَنَا هَنَّادٌ، حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ تَنَفَّلَ سَيْفَهُ ذَا الْفَقَارِ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ وَهُوَ الَّذِي رَأَى فِيهِ الرُّؤْيَا يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ . هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ غَرِيبٌ إِنَّمَا نَعْرِفُهُ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ . وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ فِي النَّفَلِ مِنَ الْخُمُسِ فَقَالَ مَالِكُ بْنُ أَنَسٍ لَمْ يَبْلُغْنِي أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَفَّلَ فِي مَغَازِيهِ كُلِّهَا وَقَدْ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّهُ نَفَّلَ فِي بَعْضِهَا وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ عَلَى وَجْهِ الاِجْتِهَادِ مِنَ الإِمَامِ فِي أَوَّلِ الْمَغْنَمِ وَآخِرِهِ . قَالَ ابْنُ مَنْصُورٍ قُلْتُ لأَحْمَدَ إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ نَفَّلَ إِذَا فَصَلَ بِالرُّبُعِ بَعْدَ الْخُمُسِ وَإِذَا قَفَلَ بِالثُّلُثِ بَعْدَ الْخُمُسِ فَقَالَ يُخْرِجُ الْخُمُسَ ثُمَّ يُنَفِّلُ مِمَّا بَقِيَ وَلاَ يُجَاوِزُ هَذَا . قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ عَلَى مَا قَالَ ابْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ النَّفَلُ مِنَ الْخُمُسِ . قَالَ إِسْحَاقُ كَمَا قَالَ .
Classification
Notes
Comments by Darussalām Publications:
In the start when the army advances for the conflict, troops are fresh and on the way to battlefield. If a company of the Muslim army engages with some enemy regiment, and after defeating them, they acquire some spoils, one fourth share of this will be given to the company in action, and this will be equally distributed among the company members. Similarly on return, when the army is tired after the conflict, a company performing heroic deed on its way back gets a one third share of the spoils.